Chapter 8

Name : Genesius Hartanto
NIM : 1701308971
Class : 01PCT
Professor : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc.

1.       What is system software, and what are the two types of system software?

System software (or systems software) is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.

The two types of system software :

a.       The operating system (prominent examples being z/OS, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux), allows the parts of a computer to work together by performing tasks like transferring data between memory and disks or rendering output onto a display device. It also provides a platform to run high-level system software and application software

b.      Utility software helps to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer

2.       What are the functions of an operating system?

a.       Booting the computer

b.      Performs basic computer tasks eg managing the various peripheral devices eg mouse, keyboard

c.       Provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user interface (GUI)

d.      Handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices

e.      Provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data

3.       What is the startup process on a personal computer?

In computing, booting (also known as booting up) is the initial set of operations that a computer system performs after electrical power to the CPU is switched on or when the computer is reset. The process begins when a computer is turned on for the first time, is re-energized after being turned off, when it is reset or when the operator invokes a LOAD function from the console, and ends when the computer is ready to perform its normal operations. On modern general purpose computers, this can take tens of seconds and typically involves performing a power-on self-test, locating and initializing peripheral devices, and then finding, loading and starting an operating system. Many computer systems also allow these operations to be initiated by a software command without cycling power, in what is known as a soft reboot, though some of the initial operations might be skipped on a soft reboot. A boot loader is a computer program that loads the main operating system or runtime environment for the computer after completion of the self-tests.

The computer term boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load and derives from the phrase to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps.The usage calls attention to the requirement that, if most software is loaded onto a computer by other software already running on the computer, some mechanism must exist to load initial software onto the computer. Early computers used a variety of ad-hoc methods to get a small program into memory to solve this problem. The invention of read-only memory (ROM) of various types solved this paradox by allowing computers to be shipped with a start up program that could not be erased. Growth in the capacity of ROM has allowed ever more elaborate start up procedures to be implemented.

On general purpose computers, the boot process begins with the execution of an initial program stored in boot ROMs or read in another fashion. In some older computers, the initial program might have been the application to run, if no operating system was used, or the operating system. In other computers, the initial program is a boot loader that may then load into random-access memory (RAM), from nonvolatile secondary storage (such as a hard disk drive) or, in some older computers, from a medium such as punched cards, punched tape, or magnetic tape, the binary code of an operating system or runtime environment and then execute it. If the boot loader is limited in its size and capabilities, it may, instead, load a larger and more capable secondary boot loader, which would then load the operating system or runtime environment. Some embedded systems do not require a noticeable boot sequence to begin functioning and when turned on may simply run operational programs that are stored in ROM.

4.       What are features of windows 7, Mac OS X, UNIX, and Linux Operating Systems?

a.       Windows 7

Windows 7 is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks, tablet PCs, and media center PCs. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available for retail worldwide on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time. Windows 7 is succeeded by Windows 8.

Unlike Windows Vista's many new features, Windows 7 was an incremental upgrade designed to work with Vista-compatible applications and hardware. Presentations given by Microsoft in 2008 focused on multi-touch support, an updated Windows shell with a new taskbar, referred to internally as the Superbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup,  and performance improvements. Some standard applications that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, including Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, are not included in Windows 7; most are instead offered separately at no charge as part of the Windows Essentials suite.

b.      Mac OS X

Mac OS X is a multitasking operating system available only for Apple computers.

c.       UNIX

-          multi-user
more than one user can use the machine at a time
supported via terminals (serial or network connection)

-          multi-tasking
more than one program can be run at a time

-          hierarchical directory structure
to support the organisation and maintenance of files

-          portability
only the kernel ( <10%) written in assembler
tools for program development
a wide range of support tools (debuggers, compilers)

d.      Linux

Linux is an operating system, a software program that controls your computer. Most vendors load an operating system onto the hard drive of a PC before delivering the PC, so, unless the hard drive of your PC has failed, you may not understand the function of an operating system.

An operating system solves several problems arising from hardware variation. As you're aware, no two PC models (or models of other computers, for that matter) have identical hardware. For example, some PCs have an IDE hard drive, whereas others have a SCSI hard drive. Some PCs have one hard drive, others have two or more. Most PCs have a CD-ROM drive, but some do not. Some PCs have an Intel Pentium CPU, whereas others have an AMD K-6, and so on. Suppose that, in a world without operating systems, you're programming a new PC application, perhaps a new multimedia word processor. Your application must cope with all the possible variations of PC hardware. As a result, it becomes bulky and complex. Users don't like it because it consumes too much hard drive space, takes a long time to load, and - because of its size and complexity - has more bugs than it should.

Operating systems solve this problem by providing a single standard way for applications to access hardware devices. When an operating system exists, applications can be more compact, because they share the commonly used code for accessing the hardware. Applications can also be more reliable because this code is written only once, and by expert programmers, rather than by every application programmers.

As you'll soon learn, operating systems do many other things as well; for example, they generally provide a file system so that you can store and retrieve data, and a user interface so that you can control the operation of your computer. However, if you think of a computer's operating system as its subconscious mind, you won't be far off the mark. It's the computer's conscious mind - applications such as word processors and spreadsheets - that do useful work. But, without the subconscious - the operating system - the computer would cease breathing and applications would not function.

5.       What are various server operating systems?

Server operating systems include Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Solaris, and Netware. Windows Server 2008 is an upgrade to Windows Server 2003 and includes features of previous Windows Server versions. UNIX, like Linux, is a multipurpose operating system because it is both a stand-alone and server operating system. Solaris, a version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems, is a server operating system designed specifically for e-commeree applications. Novell’s NetWare is a server operating system designed for client/server networks.

6.       What are the features of several embedded operating systems?

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e CPUs with integrated memory and/or peripheral interfaces)  but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also still common, especially in more complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from rather general purpose to very specialised in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure

7.       What is the purpose of several utility programs?

Utility Software is essentially what takes care of your computer system. Utility Software consists of but is not limited to the following: Disk cleaner - Finds files that are not in use anymore, or may have never been in use that take up a lot of space on the hard drive. Defragmenter - Locating the files that may be broken and therefore not completely functionary to the system and grouping them together, placing them in a different area of your computer’s hard drive. Checker - Similar to cleaners, disk checkers scan your computer to see if you have any files that are corrupt or unusable due to incorrect saving, to create a more capable computer system. Anti-virus system - A utility that scans your computer for threats or viruses that have made their way on to your computer, whether it’s from visiting un-trusted websites or downloads. It quarantines any viruses and allows you to delete them how you wish. Space analyzer - This option shows you how much of your hard drive is being used and by what. It gives you the size of each document, folder, and systems and groups it all together to also show you how much space is not being used. Backups " Backing up a system is handy to do and very recommended for important files. It saves or copies on your computer system and can restore all or portions of a document or system in the case of a system error, or improper saving of a document. Networks - This utility will check your computer's connectivity to one or more networks. It offers ways of repairing lost connections as well as keeps a record of networks you may have used. All of these put together are used to optimize your computer and make it work in the most efficient way possible.

Chapter 7

Name : Genesius Hartanto
NIM : 1701308971
Class : 01PCT
Professor : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc.

1.       How Are Storage Devices Different from Storage Media?

·         Storage device refers to the apparatus for recording computer data. Examples are the RAM, floppy drives, ZIP drives, and other disks drives. While, storage media are the materials on which data are written and stored or a devices that store application and user information. Examples are the floppy disks, optical discs, hard disks, etc.

·         A storage device is the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media.

2.       What Are the Characteristics of an Internal Hard Disk?

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters) with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces.

The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance

·         The capacity of a hard disk

Is determined from whether it uses longitudinal or perpendicular recording, the number of platters it contains, and the composition of the magnetic coating on the platters.

·         Performance

A.      Time to access data

The factors that limit the time to access the data on an HDD are mostly related to the mechanical nature of the rotating disks and moving heads. Seek time is a measure of how long it takes the head assembly to travel to the track of the disk that contains data. Rotational latency is incurred because the desired disk sector may not be directly under the head when data transfer is requested. These two delays are on the order of milliseconds each. The bit rate or data transfer rate (once the head is in the right position) creates delay which is a function of the number of blocks transferred; typically relatively small, but can be quite long with the transfer of large contiguous files. Delay may also occur if the drive disks are stopped to save energy.

Time to access data can be improved by increasing rotational speed (thus reducing latency) and/or by reducing the time spent seeking. Increasing areal density increases throughput by increasing data rate and by increasing the amount of data under a set of heads, thereby potentially reducing seek activity for a given amount of data.

B.      Seek time

Seek time has continued to improve slowly over time. Some desktop and laptop computer systems allow the user to make a tradeoff between seek performance and drive noise. Faster seek rates typically require more energy usage to quickly move the heads across the platter, causing louder noises from the pivot bearing and greater device vibrations as the heads are rapidly accelerated during the start of the seek motion and decelerated at the end of the seek motion. Quiet operation reduces movement speed and acceleration rates, but at a cost of reduced seek performance.

C.      Latency

Latency is the delay for the rotation of the disk to bring the required disk sector under the read-write mechanism. It depends on rotational speed of a disk, measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). Average rotational latency is shown in the table below, based on the statistical relation that the average latency in milliseconds for such a drive is one-half the rotational period.

D.      Data Transfer rate

HDD data transfer rate depends upon the rotational speed of the platters and the data recording density. Because heat and vibration limit rotational speed, advancing density becomes the main method to improve sequential transfer rates. Higher speeds require more power absorbed by the electric engine, which hence warms up more. While areal density advances by increasing both the number of tracks across the disk and the number of sectors per track, only the latter increases the data transfer rate for a given rpm. Since data transfer rate performance only tracks one of the two components of areal density, its performance improves at a lower rate.

3.       What Is the Purpose of Network Attached Storage Devices, External and Removable Hard Disks, and Hard Disk Controllers?

·         Network Attached Storage Device

NAS is useful for more than just general centralized storage provided to client computers in environments with large amounts of data. NAS can enable simpler and lower cost systems such as load-balancing and fault-tolerant email and web server systems by providing storage services.

File-level computer data storage connected to a computer network providing data access to a heterogeneous group of clients. NAS not only operates as a file server, but is specialized for this task either by its hardware, software, or configuration of those elements.

·         External and Removable Hard Disks

An external hard disk is a separate freestanding hard disk that connects with a cable to a USB or FireWire port on the system unit or communicates wirelessly. External hard disks have storage capacities up to 4 TB and more.

A removable hard disk can be inserted or removed from a built-in or external drive. Removable hard disks have storage capacities up to 1 TB

·         Hard Disk Controller

Controller consists of a special-purpose chip and electronic circuits that control the transfer of data, instructions, and information from a disk to and from the system bus and other components in a computer. A hard disk controller may be part of the hard disk on the motherboard, or it may be a separate

4.       What Are the Various Types of Flash Memory Storage? 

·         A solid state drive (SSD)

Typically uses flash memory to store data, instructions, and information. Data storage device using integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSD technology uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block input/output (I/O) hard disk drives, thus permitting simple replacement in common applications.

·         A memory card

Is a removable flash memory device that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader or writer. Common memory cards include CompactFlash, Secure Digital (SD), Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC), micro SD, microSDHC, xD Picture Card, Memory Stick, and Memory Stick Micro (M2).

·         A USB flash drive

Sometimes called a thumb drive, is a flash memory storage device that plugs in a port on a computer or mobile device.

·         An Express Card module

Is a removable device that it’s in an Express Card slots. Express Card modules can add memory, storage, communications, or other capabilities to a computer.

5.       What Is Cloud Storage, and What Are Its Advantages?

Cloud storage is a model of networked enterprise storage where data is stored in virtualized pools of storage which are generally hosted by third parties. Hosting companies operate large data centers, and people who require their data to be hosted buy or lease storage capacity from them or Internet service that provides storage for computer users.

Advantage of Cloud storages:

·         Companies need only pay for the storage they actually use, typically an average of consumption during a month. This does not mean that cloud storage is less expensive, only that it incurs operating expenses rather than capital expenses.

·         Organizations can choose between off-premise and on-premise cloud storage options, or a mixture of the two options, depending on relevant decision criteria that is complementary to initial direct cost savings potential; for instance, continuity of operations (COOP), disaster recovery (DR), security (PII, HIPPA, SARBOX, IA/CND), and records retention laws, regulations, and policies.

·         Storage availability and data protection is intrinsic to object storage architecture, so depending on the application, the additional technology, need effort and cost to add availability and protection can be eliminated.

·         Storage maintenance tasks, such as purchasing additional storage capacity, are offloaded to the responsibility of a service provider.

·         Cloud storage provides users with immediate access to a broad range of resources and applications hosted in the infrastructure of another organization via a web service interface.

·         Cloud storage can be used for copying virtual machine images from the cloud to on-premise locations or to import a virtual machine image from an on-premise location to the cloud image library. In addition, cloud storage can be used to move virtual machine images between user accounts or between data centers.

·         Many Cloud Storage providers offer free accounts which can be expanded through various techniques, which many people have started to take advantage of to get hundreds of gigabytes of free online storage.

6.       What Are the Characteristics of Optical Discs?

Is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data (bits) in the form of pits (binary value of 0 or off, due to lack of reflection when read) and lands (binary value of 1 or on, due to a reflection when read) on a special material (often aluminum) on one of its flat surfaces. The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate (usually polycarbonate) which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path covering the entire disc surface and extending from the innermost track to the outermost track. The data is stored on the disc with a laser or stamping machine, and can be accessed when the data path is illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive which spins the disc at speeds of about 200 to 4,000 RPM or more, depending on the drive type, disc format, and the distance of the read head from the center of the disc (inner tracks are read at a higher disc speed). The pits or bumps distort the reflected laser light, hence most optical discs (except the black discs of the original PlayStation video game console) characteristically have an iridescent appearance created by the grooves of the reflective layer. The reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper but often printed or stamped onto the disc itself. This side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer. Unlike the 3½-inch floppy disk, most optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and are therefore susceptible to data transfer problems due to scratches, fingerprints, and other environmental problems. Optical discs, which primarily store software, data, digital photos, movies, and music, contain microscopic pits (indentations) and lands (flat areas) in their middle layer. Optical discs commonly store items in a single track that spirals from the center of the disc to its edge. Like a hard disk, the ingle track is divided into evenly sized sectors.

7.       How Are the Various Types of Optical Discs Different?

There are numerous formats of optical direct to disk recording devices on the market, all of which are based on using a laser to change the reflectivity of the digital recording medium in order to duplicate the effects of the pits and lands created when a commercial optical disc is pressed. A CD-ROM, or compact disc read-only memory, is a type of optical disc that uses laser technology to store items Users can read the contents of standard CD-ROMs but cannot erase or modify their contents. Formats such as CD-R and DVD-R are "Write once read many" is a multisession disc on which users can record their own items, such as text, graphics, and audio, while CD-RW and DVD-RW are rewritable, more like a magnetic recording hard disk drive (HDD).

8.       How Are Tape, Magnetic Stripe Cards, Smart Cards, Microfilm and Microfiche, and Enterprise Storage Used?

·         Tape

A tape drive is a data storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape. Magnetic tape data storage is typically used for offline, archival data storage. Tape media generally has a favorable unit cost and long archival stability.

·         A Magnetic Stripe Card

Is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card or magstripe, is read by swiping past a magnetic reading head. Such as credit card, entertainment card, bank card, or other similar card with a stripe that contains information identifying you and the card. A magnetic stripe card reader reads the information stored on the stripe.

·         A Smart Card

Any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits.

Smart cards are made of plastic, generally polyvinyl chloride, but sometimes polyethylene terephthalate based polyesters, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate. Since April 2009, a Japanese company has manufactured reusable financial smart cards made from paper. Smart cards can provide identification, authentication, data storage and application processing. Smart cards may provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within large organizations.

·         Microfilm and microfiche

Microfilm is essentially 35mm photographic film that was used to take images of the pages of a book, a periodical volume or a newspaper.  The reel of film is then duplicated and sold to libraries.  Microfiche are flat sheets of photographic film about 4×6 inches in size. Reduce the amount of paper must handle, are inexpensive, and have the longest life of any storage media. Enterprises use computers, servers, and networks to manage and store huge volumes of data and information.

·         Enterprise Storage

Is the computer data storage designed for large-scale, high-technology environments of the modern enterprises. When comparing to the consumer storage, it has higher scalability, higher reliability, better fault tolerance, and much higher initial price. Some storage systems can provide more than 185 TB of storage, and optical disc servers hold hundreds of optical discs.

From the salesperson's point of view, the four main enterprise storage markets are:

·         Online storage - large disk array solutions, minimizing access time to the data, and maximizing reliability;

·         Backup - off-line storage for data protection, with a smaller price per byte than online storage, but at a cost of higher average access time; often uses sequential access storage, such as tape libraries;

·         Archiving - technically similar to backup, but its purpose is long-term retention, management, and discovery of fixed-content data to meet regulatory compliance, litigation protection, and storage cost optimization objectives;

·         Disaster recovery solutions, used to protect the data from localized disasters, usually being a vital part of broader business continuity plan.

GSLC Assignment

Name : Genesius Hartanto

NIM : 1701308971
Class : 01PCT
Professor : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc.

1. Interesting facts about:
   1. Seagate Technology
      Seagate Technology PLC is an American data storage company that was incorporated in 1978 as Shugart Technology. It is currently incorporated in Dublin, Ireland and has its principal executive office in Cupertino, California.
      Seagate developed the first 5.25-inch hard disk drive (HDD) in 1980, the 5-megabyte ST-506. They were a major supplier in the microcomputer market during the 1980s, especially after the introduction of the IBM XT in 1983. In 1989, they finalized the purchase of Control Data Corporation’s Imprimis division, makers of the Wren product line. This gave Seagate access to Wren’s voicecoil-based technology. In 1991, they introduced the 7200 RPM Barracuda line, which remains their high-end offering. They purchased Maxtor in 2006 and Samsung HDD business in 2011.On March 12, 2013 Seagate announced that it was the first disk manufacturer to have cumulatively shipped two billion HDDs. 
   2. SanDisk CorporationSanDisk Corporation is a multinational corporation that designs, develops and manufactures flash memory storage solutions and software. It was founded in 1988 by Dr. Eli Harari, Jack Yuan and Sanjay Mehrotra, non-volatile memory technology experts. The Fortune 500 and S&P 500 company is based in Silicon Valley and has more than half its sales outside the United States. Its products are sold at more than 250,000 retail locations in more than 100 countries. SanDisk became a publicly traded company on NASDAQ in November 1995. As of August 2013, its market capitalization was over US$14 billion. 
   3. Samsung Storage DevicesToshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation (abbreviated TSST) is an international joint venture company of Toshiba (Japan) and Samsung Electronics (South Korea). Toshiba owns 51% of its stock, while Samsung owns the remaining 49%. The company specializes in optical disc drive manufacturing. The company was established in 2004.The company’s headquarters is located in Shibaura, Minato, Tokyo, Japan with Hiroshi Suzuki as its President and CEO. Its subsidiary, Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Korea Corporation is located in Suwon, South Korea, and headed by Sang Heung Shin.Each corporation in Japan and Korea has the individual directorate system. For the business issues, TSST has been discussing it through the common relevant organization for mutual consent. TSST is currently responsible for the product development, marketing and sales, and has been taking advantage of the existing network of Samsung Electronics and Toshiba for manufacturing, sales, and after-sales service. 
   4. HitachiHitachi, Ltd. (株式会社日立製作所 Kabushiki-gaisha Hitachi Seisakusho) is a Japanese multinational engineering and electronics conglomerate company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is the parent of the Hitachi Group (Hitachi Gurūpu) and forms part of the DKB Group of companies. Hitachi is a highly diversified company that operates eleven business segments: Information & Telecommunication Systems, Social Infrastructure, High Functional Materials & Components, Financial Services, Power Systems, Electronic Systems & Equipment, Automotive Systems, Railway & Urban Systems, Digital Media & Consumer Products, Construction Machinery and Other Components & Systems.Hitachi Global Storage Technologies was founded in 2003 as a merger of the hard disk drive businesses of IBM and Hitachi. Hitachi paid IBM US$2.05 billion for its HDD business.On March 8, 2012, Western Digital (WD) acquired Hitachi Global Storage Technologies for $3.9 billion in cash and 25 million shares of WD common stock valued at approximately $0.9 billion. The deal resulted in Hitachi, Ltd. owning approximately 10 percent of WD shares outstanding, and reserving the right to designate two individuals to the board of directors of WD. It was agreed that WD would operate with WD Technologies and HGST as wholly owned subsidiaries and they would compete in the marketplace with separate brands and product lines. 
2. Several Operating Systems available in the world:
   1. PC – Windows
      Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUI). Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world’s personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984.As of October 2013, the most recent versions of Windows for personal computers, mobile devices, server computers and embedded devices are respectively Windows 8.1, Windows Phone 8, Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Embedded 8.Windows 8 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft as part of Windows NT family of operating systems. Development of Windows 8 started before the release of its predecessor, Windows 7, in 2009. It was announced at CES 2011, and followed by the release of three pre-release versions from September 2011 to May 2012. The operating system was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012, and was released for general availability on October 26, 2012.Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system’s platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft’s “Metro” design language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process. 
   2. PC – OS XOS X, previously Mac OS X, is a series of Unix-based graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. It is designed to run exclusively on Mac computers, having been pre-loaded on all Macs since 2002. It was the successor to Mac OS 9, released in 1999, the final release of the “classic” Mac OS, which had been Apple’s primary operating system since 1984. The first version released was Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, and a desktop version, Mac OS X v10.0 “Cheetah” followed on March 24, 2001. Previous releases of OS X were named after big cats; for example, OS X v10.8 was referred to as “Mountain Lion”. However, with the announcement of OS X Mavericks this was dropped in favor of Californian landmarks. 
   3. PC, Server – LinuxLinux is a Unix-like and POSIX-compliant computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The main form of distribution are Linux distributions. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on 5 October 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Because it considers Linux to be a variant of the GNU operating system, initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman, the Free Software Foundation prefers the name GNU/Linux when referring to the operating system as a whole.Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for Intel x86-based personal computers. It has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system. It is a leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers and supercomputers: as of June 2013, more than 95% of the world’s 500 fastest supercomputers run some variant of Linux, including all the 44 fastest. Linux also runs on embedded systems (devices where the operating system is typically built into the firmware and highly tailored to the system) such as mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, building automation controls, televisions and video game consoles; the Android system in wide use on mobile devices is built on the Linux kernel. 
   4. Server – Windows ServerWindows Server is a brand name for a group of server operating systems released by Microsoft Corporation.Windows Server 2012, codenamed “Windows Server 8″, is the sixth release of Windows Server. It is the server version of Windows 8 and succeeds Windows Server 2008 R2. Two pre-release versions, a developer preview and a beta version, were released during development. The software was generally available to customers starting on September 4, 2012.Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 has no support for Itanium-based computers, and has four editions. Various features were added or improved over Windows Server 2008 R2 (with many placing an emphasis on cloud computing), such as an updated version of Hyper-V, an IP address management role, a new version of Windows Task Manager, and ReFS, a new file system. Windows Server 2012 received generally good reviews in spite of having included the same controversial Metro-based user interface seen in Windows 8. 
   5. Server – OS X ServerThe server edition, OS X Server, was architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart, and included tools to facilitate management of workgroups of OS X machines, and to provide network services. Starting with v10.7 “Lion”, OS X Server is no longer offered as a separate operating system product; instead, the server management tools are available for purchase separately, and are preloaded on the server models of Mac Pro and Mac Mini along with OS X. 
   6. Mobile – Windows PhoneWindows Phone (abbreviated as WP) is a series of proprietary smartphone operating systems developed by Microsoft. It is the successor to Windows Mobile, although it is incompatible with the earlier platform. Unlike its predecessor, it is primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market. It was first launched in October 2010, with a release in Asia following in early 2011.The latest release is Windows Phone 8, which was launched on October 29, 2012. With Windows Phone, Microsoft created a new user interface, featuring a design language named “Modern” (which was formerly known as “Metro”). Additionally, the software is integrated with third-party and Microsoft services, and sets minimum requirements for the hardware on which it runs. 
   7. Mobile – iOSiOS (previously iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, it has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007), iPad (January 2010), iPad Mini (November 2012) and second-generation Apple TV (September 2010). Unlike Microsoft’s Windows Phone and Google’s Android, Apple does not license iOS for installation on non-Apple hardware. As of October 2013, Apple’s App Store contained more than 1 million iOS applications, 475,000 of which were optimised for iPad. These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 60 billion times. It had a 21% share of the smartphone mobile operating system units shipped in the fourth quarter of 2012, behind only Google’s Android. In June 2012, it accounted for 65% of mobile web data consumption (including use on both the iPod Touch and the iPad). At the half of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated.The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode).iOS is derived from OS X, with which it shares the Darwin foundation and various application frameworks. iOS is Apple’s mobile version of the OS X operating system used on Apple computers. 
   8. Mobile – AndroidAndroid is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google backed financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance: a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. The first Android-powered phone was sold in October 2008.The user interface of Android is based off direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented. Android allows users to customize their homescreens with shortcuts to applications and widgets, which allow users to display live content, such as emails and weather information, directly on the homescreen. Applications can further send notifications to the user to inform them of relevant information, such as new emails and text messages.

Chapter 6

Name : Genesius Hartanto

NIM : 1701308971
Class : 01PCT
Professor : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc.

True/False

1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. F
10. T
11. F
12. F
13. F

Multiple Choice

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. B
7. C
8. D

Matching

1. A
2. J
3. H
4. H
5. F
6. C
7. A
8. E
9. B
10. I

Short Answer

1. How does resolution affect images displayed on a monitor?A higher resolution uses a greater number of pixels and thus provides a smoother, sharper, and clearer image. As you increase the resolution, however, some items on the screen appear smaller.How does resolution relate to the size of an LCD monitor or screen?With LCD monitors and screens, resolution generally is proportional to the size of the device. For example, a widescreen 19-inch LCD monitor typically has a resolution of 1440 × 900, while a widescreen 22-inch LCD monitor has a resolution of 1680 × 1050. LCDs are geared for a specific resolution, called the native resolution. Although you can change the resolution to any setting, for optimal results, use the monitor’s native resolution setting.
2. Describe some of the features of HDTV.HDTV (high-definition television) is the most advanced form of digital television, working with digital broadcast signals, transmitting digital sound, supporting wide screens, and providing resolutions up to 1920 × 1080 pixels. With HDTV, the broadcast signals are digitized when they are sent via over-the-air (OTA) broadcasts from local television networks, satellite, or cable.How do game console users set up the output for the consoles?With game consoles, such as Microsoft’s Xbox 360, Nintendo’s Wii, and Sony’s PlayStation 3, the output device often is a television. Users plug one end of a cable in the game console and the other end in the video port on the television. Home users often prefer the larger television displays for game playing, watching movies, and browsing the Internet on a television connected to a game console.
3. What are two types of wireless printing technology?Two wireless technologies for printing are Bluetooth and infrared.How do they differ in how they communicate with a computer or other device?With Bluetooth printing, a computer or other device transmits output to a printer via radio waves. The computer or other device and the printer do not have to be aligned with each other; rather, they need to be within an approximate 30-foot range. With infrared printing, a printer communicates with a computer or other device using infrared light waves. To print from a smart phone, for example, a user lines up the IrDA port on the smart phone with the IrDA port on the printer.
4. How does an ink-jet printer work?An ink-jet printer is a type of non-impact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper.What are the differences between dye-sublimation printers used by professionals as compared to home or small business users?Professional applications requiring high image quality, such as photography studios, medical labs, and security identification systems, use dye-sublimation printers. These high-end printers cost thousands of dollars and print images in a wide range of sizes. Most dye-sublimation printers for the home or small business user, by contrast, typically print images in only one or two sizes and are much slower than their professional counterparts. These lower-end dye-sublimation printers are comparable in cost to a photo printer based on ink-jet technology. Some are small enough for the mobile user to carry the printer in a briefcase.
5. What might be included with a surround sound system for a computer?Surround sound systems are available in a variety of configurations. For example, a 2.1 speaker system contains two speakers and a subwoofer. A 5.1 speaker system has four satellite speakers, a center speaker, and a subwoofer. A 6.1 speaker system has four satellite speakers, a front center speaker, a rear center speaker, and a subwoofer. A 7.1 speaker system has four satellite speakers, two side speakers, a center speaker, and a subwoofer.What is audio resolution, and what are three examples of audio resolutions?Audio resolution, which is the number of bytes that represent sound in a given time, is stated as a bit rate such as 8-bit, 16-bit, or 24-bit. A sound card using 8-bit resolution, for example, represents a sound with any 1 of 256 values (28), and a 16-bit sound card uses any 1 of 65,536 values (216). Higher resolutions result in better sound quality. With 8-bit resolution, the sound quality is similar to an AM radio; 16-bit resolution yields optical disc-quality sound; and 24-bit resolution is used for high-quality digital audio editing.

Chapter 5

Name : Genesius Hartanto

NIM : 1701308971
Class : 01PCT
Professor : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc.

True/False

1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. F
9. F
10. T
11. T
12. T

Multiple Choice

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. C

Matching

1. B
2. G
3. D
4. J
5. E
6. A
7. F
8. H
9. I
10. C

Short Answer

1. What are three different types of mouse devices?The three different types of mouse devices are optical mouse, air mouse, and wireless mouse.What makes them different from each other?Most desktop computer users today have some type of optical mouse, which uses devices that emit and sense light to detect the mouse’s movement. Some use optical sensors, and others use a laser. The latter, often referred to as a laser mouse, usually is more expensive than the former. You can place an optical mouse on nearly all types of flat surfaces. Some newer models combine both optical sensors and laser, enabling users to place the mouse on rougher surfaces such as carpeting and park benches. Further, some mouse devices are more sensitive than others for users requiring more precision such as graphic artists, engineers, or game players.The mobile user who makes presentations may prefer a mouse that has additional buttons for running a slide show and controlling media, similar to a remote control. A newer type of mouse, called an air mouse, is a motion-sensing mouse that, in addition to the typical buttons, allows you to control objects, media players, and slide shows by moving the mouse in predetermined directions through the air. For example, raising the mouse up might increase the volume on your media player. A mouse connects to a computer in several ways. Many types connect with a cable that attaches to a USB port or a mouse port on the system unit. A wireless mouse, or cordless mouse, is a battery-powered device that transmits data using wireless technology, such as radio waves (Bluetooth) or infrared light waves (IrDA). Some users prefer a wireless mouse because it frees up desk space and eliminates the clutter of a cord.
2. Name at least five mouse operations.Some of the mouse operations are Point, Click, Right-click, Double-click, and Drag.Describe and give examples of each of the mouse operations that you chose.

   Operation	Mouse Action	Example
   Point	Move the mouse until the pointer on the desktop is positioned on the item of choice.	Position the pointer on the screen.
   Click	Press and release the primary mouse button, which usually is the left mouse button.	Select or deselect items on the screen or start a program or program feature.
   Right-click	Press and release the secondary mouse button, which usually is the right mouse button.	Display a shortcut menu.
   Double-click	Quickly press and release the left mouse button twice without moving the mouse.	Start a program or program feature.
   Drag	Point to an item, hold down the left mouse button, move the item to the desired location on the screen, and then release the left mouse button.	Move an object from one location to another or draw pictures.

3. What is OCR (optical character recognition)?Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that involves reading typewritten, computer printed, or hand-printed characters from ordinary documents and translating the images into a form that the computer can process. Most OCR devices include a small optical scanner for reading characters and sophisticated software to analyze what is read.What is OMR (optical mark recognition)?Optical mark recognition (OMR) is a technology that reads hand-drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles. A person places these marks on a form, such as a test, survey, or questionnaire answer sheet. With a test, the OMR device first scans the answer key sheet to record correct answers based on patterns of light. The OMR device then scans the remaining documents and matches their patterns of light against the answer key sheet.
4.  What is the most widely used biometric device today?The most widely used biometric device today is a fingerprint reader.Describe how the device works.A fingerprint reader, or scanner, captures curves and indentations of a fingerprint. The reader can be set up to perform different functions for different fingers; for example, one finger starts a program and another finger shuts down the computer. With the cost of fingerprint readers often less than $100, home and small business users in stall fingerprint readers to authenticate users before they can access a personal computer. External fingerprint readers usually plug into a USB port. To save on desk space, some newer keyboards and notebook computers have a fingerprint reader attached to them, which allows users to log on to programs and Web sites via their fingerprint instead of entering a user name and password.
5. What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires any company with 15 or more employees to make reasonable attempts to accommodate the needs of physically challenged workers.How might gesture recognition and computerized implant devices help physically challenged users in the future?With gesture recognition, the computer will detect human motions. Computers with gesture recognition capability have the potential to recognize sign language, read lips, track facial movements, or follow eye gazes. For paralyzed or speech impaired individuals, a doctor will implant a computerized device into the brain. This device will contain a transmitter. As the user thinks thoughts, the transmitter will send signals to the computer.

Chapter 4

Name : Genesius Hartanto

NIM : 1701308971
Class : 01PCT
Professor : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc.

True/False

1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. F
10. F
11. F
12. F

Multiple Choice

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. D

Matching

1. H
2. A
3. F
4. B
5. D
6. E
7. G
8. C
9. I
10. J

Short Answer

1. What are two types of designs of Tablet PCs?The two types of Tablet PCs are slate Tablet PC and convertible tablet PC.
   What are the differences in the designs of the two types of Tablet PCs?The differences in the designs are:
   With the slate Tablet PC, which typically does not include a keyboard, the system unit is behind the display. On a convertible Tablet PC, by contrast, the system unit is positioned below a keyboard, providing functionality similar to a traditional notebook computer or netbook. The difference is the display attaches to the system unit with a swivel-type hinge, which enables a user to rotate the display and fold it down over the keyboard to look like a slate Tablet PC.
2. What is the motherboard?The motherboard, sometimes called a system board, is the main circuit board of the system unit. Many electronic components attach to the motherboard; others are built into it.
   What is a computer chip?A computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material, usually silicon, on which integrated circuits are etched.
3. What are the four basic operations in a machine cycle?For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle: (1) fetching, (2) decoding, (3) executing, and, if necessary, (4) storing. Fetching is the process of obtaining a program instruction or data item from memory.  The term decoding refers to the process of translating the instruction into signals the computer can execute. Executing is the process of carrying out the commands. Storing, in this context, means writing the result to memory (not to a storage medium).What are some functions of registers?Register functions include storing the location from where an instruction was fetched, storing an instruction while the control unit decodes it, storing data while the ALU computes it, and storing the results of a calculation.
4. What types of devices might be Bluetooth enabled?Many computers, peripherals, smart phones, PDAs, cars, and other consumer electronics are Bluetooth enabled, which means they contain a small chip that allows them to communicate with other Bluetooth-enabled computers and devices.Describe three ways in which a computer can become Bluetooth enabled.-          You can purchase a Bluetooth wireless port adapter that will convert an existing USB port into a Bluetooth port.-          Also available are Bluetooth PC Cards, and-          ExpressCard modules for traditional notebook computers and Tablet PCs
5. What is compressed air used for with regards to caring for your computer?Compressed air is used for removing dust and lint from difficult-to-reach areas or removes sticky liquid spilled on keyboardsHow should you prepare for cleaning your computer?First, prepare the following:
   1. can of compressed air — removes dust and lint from difficult-to-reach areas; removes sticky liquid spilled on keyboards
   2. lint-free antistatic wipes and swabs
   3. screen cleaning solution or 50/50 mix of rubbing alcohol and water (do not use ammonia-based solutions)
   4. small computer vacuum (or small attachments on your house vacuum)
   5. antistatic wristband — to avoid damaging internal components with static electricity
   6. small screwdriver (may be required to open the case or remove adapter cards)
   Before cleaning the exterior of a computer or mobile device, turn it off, and if necessary, unplug it from the electrical outlet, remove its battery, and disconnect all cables from the ports. Use compressed air to blow away dust from any openings on the computer or device case, such as drives, slots, ports, and fan vents. Then, use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and a cleaning solution on a soft cloth to clean the screen.